基于多体系统理论的矫直机几何误差的建模与补偿

针对矫直机的几何误差建模和补偿技术进行研究。将矫直机床视为一个多体系统结构,完成对矫直机的拓扑结构描述,并进行压头、夹头和跨距调整等关键运动部件的误差分析。通过其次变换矩阵体系统推导机床几何误差模型,基于建立的误差模型,采用激光干涉仪识别机床运动轴的几何位置误差。提出矫直机的几何误差补偿方法并设计与开发补偿软件,对矫直机定位精度进行补偿。通过实验进行了误差补偿效果评价,实验结果证明误差模型的正确性以及软件补偿的可行性。     

一种降低微震定位误差的偏振分析方法

目前微地震监测技术已成为地球物理界的热门技术之一。对于微地震震源定位,主流的初至时差分析方法由于方程组局部极值、初至拾取困难以及波速恒定假设等问题,极易产生超定或欠定的误差,而且未考虑有效数据不足的情况。为此,利用所测量的检波器姿态信息,计算出参考校正角,并将垂直、径向和切向分量数据校正为标准的三分量数据,以此提取同型波来计算偏振角,所获取的偏振角数据一方面可进行定位求解,另一方面也可对三分量数据进行进一步的校正,以提高时差分析中初至拾取的准确性;综合偏振角极化分析与初至时差分析两种方法建立了最小误差优化模型,实现了更为复杂地质条件下的联合定位,降低了定位误差。最后对数值模拟实验和野外实验结果进行了统计分析,结果表明:最优化联合定位方法能够大大降低定位误差且在有效数据不足的情况下仍能保证较好的定位效果,有效数据在9组以上时的定位误差小于7 m。     

Modelling and traceability for computationally-intensive precision engineering and metrology

In contrast to measurements of the dimensions of machined parts realized by machine tools and characterized by CMMs, software results are not fully traceable and certified. Indeed, a computer is not a perfect machine and binary encoding of real numbers leads to rounding of successive intermediate calculations that may lead to globally false results. This is the case for poor implementations and poorly conditioned algorithms. Therefore, accurate geometric modelling and implementations will be detailed. Based on the works of National Metrology Institutes, the problem of software traceability will also be discussed. Some prospects for this complex task will finally be suggested.     

基于贝叶斯统计的测量系统误差控制方法仿真

针对传统误差控制方法存在耗时较长、误报率较高以及误差控制精度较低等问题,提出了一种基于贝叶斯统计的测量系统误差控制方法。通过含有区间灰数的模糊子集所处的故障状态,得到测量系统产生误差的条件,利用贝叶斯网络推理算法以及相关的区间运算规则,对规划模型求解,获取测量系统产生误差的概率以及相关部件的重要特征信息。根据求解结果以及相关的空间交汇原理构建待测点坐标、待测距离以及有关于经纬仪观测角的数据模型,通过分析测量系统产生误差的原因,选取满足误差存在条件的数据对网络进行训练,令其逼近非线性函数,完成对测量系统误差的有效控制。实验结果表明,所提方法能够快速、准确地对测量系统产生的误差进行控制。     

基于自适应阈值活动语音检测和最小均方误差对数谱幅度估计的低信噪比降噪算法

针对低信噪比(SNR)环境下传统方法对声信号降噪的局限性，提出了一种联合自适应阈值活动语音检测（VAD）算法和最小均方误差对数谱幅度估计（MMSE-LSA）的实时降噪算法。首先，在VAD算法中通过基于能量概率最大值的概率统计来对背景噪声进行估计，对得到的背景噪声进行实时更新并保存；然后，将实时更新的背景噪声作为MMSE-LSA的参考噪声，并对噪声幅度谱进行自适应更新，最后进行降噪处理。通过在真实场景中对四类声信号进行实验，结果表明，该算法在保证对低SNR声信号的实时处理的情况下，相较于传统MMSE-LSA算法，降噪信号的SNR能够提高10~15 dB，且不存在信号过减的情况，可应用于实际工程。     

Depth video spatial and temporal correlation enhancement algorithm based on just noticeable rendering distortion model

Spatial and temporal inconsistency of depth video deteriorates encoding efficiency in three dimensional video systems. A depth video processing algorithm based on human perception is presented. Firstly, a just noticeable rendering distortion (JNRD) model is formulated by combining the analyses of the influence of depth distortion on virtual view rendering with human visual perception characteristics. Then, depth video is processed based on the JNRD model from two aspects, spatial and temporal correlation enhancement. During the process of spatial correlation enhancement, depth video is segmented into edge, foreground, and background regions, and smoothened by Gaussian and mean filters. The operations of the temporal correlation enhancement include temporal–spatial transpose (TST), temporal smoothing filter and inverse TST. Finally, encoding and virtual view rendering experiments are conducted to evaluate the proposed algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can greatly reduce the bit rate while it maintains the quality of virtual view.     

Regulatory and ratemaking approaches to mitigate financial impacts of net-metered PV on utilities and ratepayers

The financial interests of U.S. utilities are poorly aligned with customer-sited solar photovoltaics (PV) under traditional regulation. Customer-sited PV, especially under a net-metering arrangement, may result in revenue erosion and lost earnings opportunities for utility shareholders as well as increases in average retail rates for utility ratepayers. Regulators are considering alternative regulatory and ratemaking approaches to mitigate these financial impacts. We performed a scoping analysis using a financial model to quantify the efficacy of mitigation approaches in reducing financial impacts of customer-sited PV on utility shareholders and ratepayers. We find that impacts can be mitigated through various incremental changes to utility regulatory and business models, though the efficacy varies considerably depending on design and particular utility circumstances. Based on this analysis, we discuss tradeoffs policymakers should consider, which ultimately might need to be resolved within broader policy contexts.     

从《东京制造》到《一点儿北京》——当代城市记录对建筑学的批判与探索

自20世纪中叶开始,建筑学的探索拓展到了城市,建筑师通过对城市的研究,迂回地找寻建筑学的突破。如今,面对越发复杂的、超出传统建筑学范畴的当代城市问题,建筑师们逐渐放弃了以一己之力撼动学科的态度,转向更为具体的城市空间及其问题的研究,并试图从中获得对具体现象的解决策略。本文选取当代具有代表性的城市记录读本《东京制造》和《一点儿北京》为主要研究对象,结合其所在的城市背景,对两个读本的研究方法、研究视角、文本内容进行分析和总结;并探索了从记录到创作之间的关系,以及记录成果对建筑学的批判和启发。